Unlike a pure cell culture (where individual cells grow in a dish), ex vivo organ culture preserves the complete tissue structure in this case, whole hair follicles with all their cell types intact
Then, in a process unique to B12, another protein, R-protein (aka cobalophilin, haptocorrin, and transcobalamin I (1)) picks up the B12 and transports it through the stomach and into the small intestine
A few commenters maintained that patients are more interested in knowing what their out-of-pocket costs may be for an upcoming hospital visit than negotiated rates between hospitals and insurers, or what hospitals have been reimbursed for items and services
The peptides mechanism NNMT inhibition to increase NAD+ availability is physiologically sound, but sustained enzyme suppression over months or years has not been studied in clinical trials
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