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However, a landmark July 2025 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Shankar, Davis, Bonilla, et al., revealed a fascinating and complex paradox regarding redox homeostasis in these conditions

PMID 9250994

This pH-adaptive stability spans both physiological skin acidity (pH 46) and the alkaline extremes (pH 79) typical for chronic wounds, confirming the ability of D-CuP to maintain structural integrity under pathological conditions

Dermatology Partners team

It is worth noting, though, Cx3cr1-driven Cre recombinase is a widely used genetic tool for enabling gene manipulation in microglia [36, 37], nonmicroglial cells expressing Cx3cr1, such as macrophage and leakiness of cre activity into neurons have become a major concern [38]