Additionally, caffeine down-regulated P2X7R and A 2A receptors [29], increased dopamine in the cortex and hippocampus, decreased GABA in the hippocampus [30], and induced neuroprotection [31]
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Within the gastrointestinal system, histamine is produced in the enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach
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doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1191290 Received 22 March 2023 Accepted 28 July 2023 Published 08 August 2023 Volume 14 - 2023 Edited by Yusof Kamisah, Universiti Kebangaan Malaysia, Malaysia Reviewed by Patrick Orlando, Marche Polytechnic University, Italy Hana Rauchov, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Czechia Iain Hargreaves, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom Updates Copyright 2023 Dabbaghi Varnousfaderani, Musazadeh, Ghalichi, Kavyani, Razmjouei, Faghfouri, Ahrabi, Seyyed Shoura and Dehghan