135 described a pathway involving amino-acid- but not insulin-stimulated binding of the small GTPase Rab1A and mTORC1 with subsequent recruitment to Golgi membranes where mTORC1 gets activated by Rheb
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This causes poor intestinal absorption of dietary carnitine, increased urinary loss of carnitine due to poor reabsorption, and defective carnitine uptake by muscles.3 Secondary carnitine deficiencies are typically caused by inherited genetic defects in the metabolism of amino acids, cholesterol, and fatty acids and are also found in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis, which impairs the reabsorption of carnitine.1 Looking at dietary sources, 3 oz of beef steak provides 42 to 122 mg of L-carnitine, 3 oz of cooked ground beef provides 64 to 74 mg, 1 cup of whole milk provides 8 mg, and 3 oz of cooked chicken breast provides 2 to 4 mg.1 Many energy drinks also contain L-carnitine, according to a 2022 study, but the amounts were not available.4 The bioavailability of dietary carnitine can vary depending on the amount in a meal and whether someone typically eats a plant-based diet or a diet thats higher in meat
Proper hydration is essential for everyone, but it is particularly crucial for individuals managing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity
It is a small multiplier on the benefits of resistance training, not a standalone muscle-preserving agent, and there is nothing GLP-1-specific about how it works
