sglt2 glp 1 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evolving Evidence and Clinical Application Blood Pressure-Lowering Effects of SGLT2

Many of the original preclinical studies used oral or intragastric administration

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released from enteroendocrine L-cells in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrient intake

Targeted hippocampal restoration of GLP-1R expression in otherwise GLP-1R-deficient mice using AAV-mediated gene transfer reverses GLP-1 improvement of learning and memory in the passive avoidance test [417]

Important context: The cardiovascular benefit appeared to be independent of how much weight participants lost, suggesting GLP-1s may act on the heart through pathways beyond weight reduction alone

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