in this study, empagliflozin raised the endogenous levels of ketone body (KB) and prevented a reduction in renal ATP levels and organ damage in the mice, an effect abolished by gene deletion of Hmgcs2, a rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis [95]
These side effects are generally manageable
However, independent lines of evidence continue to support involvement of FNDC5/irisin signaling in metabolic adaptation, bone remodeling, and neuroprotection, suggesting that early technical limitations may have obscured rather than invalidated its physiological relevance ( A key limitation for irisin translation remains the absence of a definitively identified receptor
That matters for how you interpret the product's limitations and how you should use it
The magnetically actuated implantable pump produced promising results with efficacy comparable to that of subcutaneous injections in animal models, underscoring its potential as a viable therapeutic option in humans
