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In contrast, nanoscale delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and exosome-based carriers, are specifically designed to interact with biological systems, providing control over biodistribution, cellular uptake, and enhanced therapeutic performance (Das et al., 2020)

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In a randomized clinical trial, a 0.5 g/kg body weight daily dose of glutamine for 2 months decreased intestinal permeability and improved morphology in patients with Crohns disease (Benjamin 2011)

In addition, exendin-4 at 0.1100 nM concentrations for 2496 h increased GLP-1R activation, p53, p21, p38, cAMP, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and p38/MAPK activation

Insulin, in turn, helps lower blood glucose levels