Because different factors can cause or add to MS-related fatigue (like depression or sleep disorders), anti-fatigue medications should be used in conjunction with treatment for these factors (when applicable)
Glezen, W
528,529 Metformin, a traditional diabetes drug, upregulated the expression of mitophagy genes, such as PINK , Parkin , and Mfn2 , while at the same time effectively reducing damaged mitochondria after administration, indicating a great potential of metformin as a mitophagy activator
and GIP receptors have also been demonstrated to activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector Akt, which modulates mitochondrial function, metabolism, and cell survival
Clinical trials have also shown positive results in reducing dark spots and improving skin brightness