Even though each active ingredient requires its own stability considerations, a manufacturer that has already developed multiple serum systems often has the technical familiarity needed to support additional active-ingredient products such as copper peptide formulations
For pregnancy and breastfeeding, the issue is not known harm but insufficient research
Relative contraindications requiring careful consideration and enhanced medical supervision include history of pancreatitis, severe gastrointestinal disease including gastroparesis, diabetic retinopathy (requires ophthalmologic monitoring during therapy), severe kidney disease, history of suicidal ideation or severe depression, gallbladder disease or history of cholecystitis, and age under 18 years
Dark spots or hyperpigmentation, including those left behind after acne heals (called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation), are caused by excess melanin
The APRN documents the starting point at the intake evaluation