Across dozens of studies, daily astaxanthin doses between 4mg and 12mg have been linked to improvements in skin hydration, elasticity, and UV resilience, as well as benefits for eye comfort, exercise recovery, and cognitive performance.1 2 3 5 6 Lower doses (46mg per day) often support skin and eye outcomes, but research suggests 12mg daily may unlock even broader effects.1 7 13 At 12mg, trials show improved endurance performance including faster cycling time trials and reduced muscle-soreness markers.3 8 Other studies point to enhanced cognitive function and sleep quality, benefits that tend to appear near the upper end of the dosing range.4 9 Taken together, these findings helped establish 12mg per day as the most compelling astaxanthin dose in the scientific literature
However, recent research suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be linked with the induction and severity of allergic asthma (223)
Derived from fermented rice and certain fungi, kojic acid has been quietly revolutionising the way we approach skin brightening and evening out skin tone
Treatment for a mitochondrial disease varies based on the type and your symptoms
Tanaka, Y