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Treatment typically involves vitamin B12 supplementation, either through oral supplements or injections, depending on the severity of the deficiency and underlying causes.
35: Amores-Sanchez MI, Medina MA (1999)
Oral peptides, by contrast, face sequential degradation barriers: gastric pH (1.53.5) denatures tertiary structure, pepsin cleaves peptide bonds at aromatic amino acids, and intestinal proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin) fragment any remaining sequence before it crosses enterocytes
measures the biologically active fraction of B12 and may be a more sensitive early marker of deficiency