5 Cellular, molecular, and systemic mechanisms of probiotics Recent advances in probiotic research have substantially refined the selection, genomic characterization, and functional assessment of specific microbial strains, leading to a deeper understanding of their mechanisms of action and their measurable impacts on human health (142)
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As both play very important roles in the immune response, and the status or availability of one has been shown to directly affect the other, it is likely that deficiency of either can have a direct effect on the severity of COVID-19 as well as many other diseases therefore, taking steps to ensure adequate levels of both is essential to better health
doi: 10.1038/S41598-025-86678-5 69
SC and RS are grateful for the support of the NIEHS T32 training grant in Environmental Toxicology (ES007148)