Intracellular glutathione levels of spermatozoa are known to be decreased in certain populations of infertile men
Glutathione is one of the most powerful antioxidants produced by the body, essential for protecting cells against oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals
2 Table 2 Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Maternal vitamin B 12 deficiency during pregnancy or while breastfeeding may lead to neural tube defects, developmental delay, failure to thrive, hypotonia, ataxia, and anemia
Vitamin B12 (aka cobalamin) is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in ensuring our body operates seamlessly and effectively
Upon cellular stress, characteristic of ASD [158], ROS production and elevated intracellular Ca 2+ concentration trigger mPTP opening leading to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) [181], initiating apoptosis and necrosis [269], and regulating the activity of autophagy [270, 271]