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It also activates the FAK-paxillin signaling pathway in tendon fibroblasts, promoting cytoskeletal reorganization and directed cell migration both essential steps in connective tissue repair

Vitamin E has shown some promise as a supportive therapy for epilepsy, particularly in cases where conventional anticonvulsants are less effective

Carnitine is synthesized in the muscles and the liver and appears in some foodstuffs such as poultry, red meat, fish, and some dairy products and is also a food supplement

SOD, CAT, and GPx play essential roles in balancing oxidative and antioxidant systems, as do non-enzymatic substances, mainly vitamins (C, E) and trace elements (copper, zinc, and selenium)

Valproic acid and its metabolites can affect structures in the mitochondrial membrane 28,29 , and in rodent models the valproic acid impaired activity of cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome C) in the electron transport chain ( Figure 3 )