Conversely, taxa enriched in PD, such as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Akkermansia, and Desulfovibrio, are associated with heightened lipopolysaccharide burden, mucin degradation, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species, collectively amplifying innate immune activation and pro-inflammatory cascades
Excessive ROS can impair the proper functioning of cellular lipids, proteins, or DNA
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 93.Shinkai Y., Sumi D., Fukami I., Ishii T., Kumagai Y
Altogether, these results indicate that providing a thiol-based antioxidant can reduce FA toxicity, whereas additional oxidative damage increases FA toxicity in nematodes
This dual-responsiveness can enhance therapeutic precision, but it also introduces challenges in terms of premature degradation and chemical instability during formulation or circulation