Downregulation of exosomal miR-100-5p and miR-199a-5p, which directly target toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), was identified as one of the regulatory effects of melatonin-treated exosomal miRNAs (Saberi et al., 2019)
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Other associated genes include TOLLIP, DSP, and AKAP13, which influence immune responses, epithelial stability, and tissue remodeling [23,24,25]
Clinical studies show statistically significant improvements in cellular physiological function in organs, including the liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid, and hypothalamus
However, it is important to note that these findings are preliminary, and the evidence supporting FMT as a treatment for MS remains limited