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Oxidative stress, inflammation, and a decline in mitochondrial function are major contributors to this process

EGCG and other catechins protect cells from damage caused by harmful particles called free radicals

As an outcome, colonocytes shift to anaerobic metabolism characterised by reduced oxygen consumption thereby facilitating the growth of facultative anaerobes such as Enterobactericeae, which exploit the loss of epithelial hypoxia through aerobic respiration (Byndloss et al

& Gleberzon, B

MECHANISM CATEGORIES RESEARCH CONDITIONS SAFETY Side effects Localized erythema (injection site) Transient hyperpigmentation (topical, in some users) Rare contact dermatitis Known interactions Vitamin C (theoretical copper-ascorbate redox cycling) Retinoids (may potentiate irritation when stacked topically) Contraindications Wilson's disease (copper-accumulation disorder) Active malignancy at the local site (theoretical, due to angiogenic activity) REGULATORY STATUS FDA Topical GHK-Cu formulations are marketed as cosmetic ingredients under FDA cosmetic regulation (cosmetics generally do not require FDA premarket approval)