Graphical Abstract 1 Introduction Inflammatory lung injury is a common pathological feature observed in various pulmonary diseases, including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ( Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune response during pulmonary inflammation ( Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of -alanine and histidine, has been implicated in antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective processes in various disease models ( in vivo and in vitro
PMID: 24828499
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4F, in si-EAAT3 and si-P65 cells, despite being in a state of oxidative stress, TEM revealed that mitochondrial morphology remained largely normal, with only a slight increase in electron density and occasional mitochondrial membrane rupture, which appeared to be within the cells adaptive capacity
They are very often paired together with probiotics in studies on fatty liver disease ( combined, they are referred to as synbiotics) and their combined effectiveness may be greater than probiotics alone
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