Furthermore, the network analysis showed a close relationship between various metabolic pathways, for example, between glutathione and alanine metabolism via glutamate metabolism, as well as between the metabolism of glycine and serine and alanine metabolism via glutamate metabolism and that of glucose-alanine cycle and alanine metabolism via transfer of acetyl groups into mitochondria
It also reduced oxidative stress in the retina by decreasing the level of superoxide anion, 8-OHdG, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [46]
Reasons for the different results may include the limited sample sizes, the assays for detection, different stages of the disease, and the difference between local and systemic states of oxidative stress
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M610934200
4bd), accompanied by impaired muscle function and glucose metabolism (Fig