a decrease in sperm motility (due to mitochondria damage resulting in a reduction in ATP [energy], and damage to the tail a decrease in sperm viability (how long they remain alive) an increase in mid-piece morphology defects (comprised of mostly mitochondria) deleterious effects on sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction (aka sperms ability to fertilize the egg) increased sperm DNA damage and apoptosis (cell death) And could contribute to possible birth defects It should be noted that almost all human ejaculate contains reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily produced from the above-mentioned lifestyle and environmental factors ( consumption of sugars and oxidized vegetable oils, smoking, alcohol, exposure to environmental toxins, high or chronic emotional stress, circadian rhythm dysregulation (poor sleep), lack of exercise, infections, and a lack of antioxidant intake ), as well as from abnormally shaped sperm present (meaning, if there is a high % of abnormally shaped sperm, or poor morphology, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be present, and these days, most sperm samples contain a large % of abnormally shaped sperm)

Subsequent studies from the same group reported epigenetic effects, including chromatin remodeling and changes in histone acetylation patterns, suggesting tha Research Evidence Reported activation of telomerase (TERT) in human fetal fibroblasts (Khavinson et al., 2003)Extended replicative lifespan of human cells beyond Hayflick limit in vitroLife extension observed in Drosophila melanogaster and rodent models (Khavinson et al.)Epigenetic effects: chromatin remodeling and histone acetylation changesAntioxidant activity and reduction of lipid peroxidation in aging animal models Bottom line: Epithalon is the most telomerase-focused compound in this catalog
Toxicol Vitro 98:105814 Moore A, Busch MP, Dziewulska K et al (2022) Genome-wide metabolite quantitative trait loci analysis (mQTL) in red blood cells from volunteer blood donors
If that modulation reduces the intensity of reward responses, it could blunt the reinforcing effect of nicotine
Those with normal fasting insulin may see steadier, more gradual loss