Figure 2B focuses on direct and incretin-mediated signaling to the -cell, depicting how BefA, LPS and microbial tryptophan metabolites act on intestinal epithelial and enteroendocrine cells to modulate GIP and GLP-1 secretion and how these hormones, together with BefA, engage GIPR/GLP1R, cAMPPKA/EPAC2 and PI3K/AKT pathways to regulate -cell Ca 2+ influx, survival, proliferation and insulin granule exocytosis
Next, 6 10 6 cells (1 OD 600 (optical density at 600 nm) = 1 10 7 cells) were transferred into PBS with 0.1% BSA (PBS-B), containing 50100 M BP
Both activate GLP-1 receptors
This change results in activation of JAK2 by transphosphorylation, then phosphorylation of receptor tyrosines in the cytoplasmic domain, which enables binding of adaptor proteins, as well as direct phosphorylation of target proteins
Hence, the fastest way to reverse insulin resistance might not be the best solution in the long run