Excess abnormal body fat, especially visceral adiposity and ectopic fat, is a driver of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD)3,4,5, and contributes to the global chronic disease burden of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cancer and other chronic conditions Again, no definition for excess abnormal body fat and visceral and ectopic fat exists at varying levels in people of all sizes
A compelling theory posits that ACEs may influence iron metabolism, potentially resulting in iron shortage and IL-6 signaling, which are linked to neurodevelopmental consequences [200], and an amplified amygdalar response to emotionally unfavorable stimuli and a reduced amount of hippocampal gray matter [201]
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors such as dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin have emerged as important agents for kidney protection
However, individuals with a family history of medullary thyroid cancer or specific endocrine disorders might need alternative options
The eight strategies above work best when combined with lifestyle approaches