These formulations have not been proven safe or effective
GLP-1 can stimulate pancreatic -cells to release insulin.236,237 Insulin not only directly lowers blood glucose levels but also further inhibits glucagon secretion from -cells through a feedback mechanism.238 The high concentration of insulin in the local pancreatic environment creates a negative feedback effect, reducing the amount of glucagon secreted by -cells.234 Additionally, GLP-1 can reduce blood glucose production by delaying gastric emptying and decreasing appetite, which also contributes to overall blood glucose control.239,240 In summary, GLP-1 lowers blood glucose levels and inhibits glucagon secretion through direct action on -cells, promotion of insulin secretion, and regulation of gastrointestinal activity.241 GLP-1R is expressed not only on -cells and -cells but also on -cells in the pancreatic islets.242 -cells primarily secrete somatostatin, which is an important regulatory hormone.242 The expression of GLP-1R on -cells helps to inhibit the secretion of glucagon.242 When GLP-1 binds to GLP-1R on -cells, it activates these cells and promotes the secretion of somatostatin.243 Somatostatin is a potent inhibitory hormone that affects the surrounding -cells and -cells
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