Lactoferrin is therapeutic in its own right, with the ability to carefully transport iron within the body and provide antiviral and antimicrobial protection
In this context, the anti-inflammatory properties of PYC, particularly its inhibition of the TLR4NF-B signaling pathway, represent a critical link between redox regulation and immune modulation ( Recent translational preclinical studies have explored the use of PYC-based nanocomposites as a strategy to enhance the delivery of antiviral agents, including molnupiravir, for the treatment of COVID-19 ( Overall, PYCs antiviral effects are likely mediated by a combination of direct viral inhibition and host-directed mechanisms, including modulation of oxidative stress and immune responses
ROS encompass both free oxygen radicals and non-radical species, including major molecules, such as superoxide anion radical (O 2 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical ( OH), and nitric oxide ( NO), with the latter being classified as a reactive nitrogen species [12]
[12] In the United States, it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in kidney transplantation from human donors, and for rheumatoid arthritis
M.DewdneyJ.RogersE