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In addition to these mechanisms, oxidative stress activates multiple MAPK pathways, including p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2
designed a US-triggered MnWO X nanosystem modified with PEG (termed MnWO X -PEG) to endow the capability of GSH-enhanced ROS ( 1 O 2 and OH) production for killing malignant tumors (Figure 6D) ( X -PEG exhibited significantly time-dependent GSH consumption capacity through reducing W 6+ to W 5+ (Figure 6E), cooperating with increased ROS to achieve a powerful inhibition effect on tumors (Figure 6F)
Image analysis Offline image analysis was performed as described previously 67
Figure 1 illustrates body Se homeostasis and Se transport, based on several sources (Ogra and Anan, 2009