GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide and tirzepatide are large, complex molecules (over 4,000 Daltons) that cannot effectively penetrate the skin barrier
Alternate fuel substrates, such as ketones, can support cognitive acute performance improvements [11], while recovering insulin sensitivity and the ability to utilize glucose to meet brain energy demands is critical for long term prevention or slowing cognitive decline
Metformin is used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Two studies found GLP-1s were associated with improvement in depressive symptoms and two other studies tied GLP-1s to an improvement in alcohol use disorder among people with obesity
Liu K, Zhao E, Ilyas G, Lalazar G, Lin Y, Haseeb M, Tanaka KE, Czaja MJ (2015) Impaired macrophage autophagy increases the immune response in obese mice by promoting proinflammatory macrophage polarization