11 GSH depletion and the subsequent low stores of protein thiol result in both calcium release from intracellular stores and inhibition of calcium extrusion, producing a marked increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, which triggers cytotoxicity
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Upon release by the endothelium, NO stimulates the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in vascular muscle cells, leading to a rise in the intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate (cGMP) and relaxation
The excessive accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, known as foam cells, leads to fatty streaks that induce rupture, erosion, and acute occlusions in blood vessels, resulting in stroke and vascular dementia (24) ( Figure 1 )