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Persistent hyperglycemia results in the activation of the Polyol (Sorbitol) pathway (see Fig
Renaud, M
Role of visceral sensitivity in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome
Notably, chemical chaperones (4-PBA, TUDCA) enhance Gq signaling without reversing this switch, while ER stress-associated UPR factors XBP1 and ATF6 selectively amplify Gs signaling
Additionally, inflammatory signals lead to increased expression of adhesive molecules on ECs, including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin
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