hospitalization required Maintenance of Remission: Immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-MP, methotrexate) for steroid-dependent or frequently-relapsing disease Biologic monotherapy or combination therapy (biologic + immunomodulator) for moderate-to-severe disease Step-up or top-down approach based on disease severity, patient risk factors, and prior therapy Biologic Therapy Targets: TNF-: Infliximab (IV), adalimumab (SC), certolizumab pegol (SC) IL-12/23: Ustekinumab (IV induction, SC maintenance) Integrin: Vedolizumab (IV) IL-23: Risankizumab (IV induction, SC maintenance) JAK inhibition: Upadacitinib (oral) Surgical Management Surgery is indicated in approximately 7080% of patients with Crohns disease over their lifetime, per StatPearls
A 60 mg vial is economical at 1015 mg weekly but too large for a 12 mg microdose that would sit for months
VITAMIN INJECTIONS B-12, B-12 Ultra, Biotin Popular vitamin injections include B-12, B-12 Ultra, and Biotin shots
Zahn KV, Byerly DW
In laboratory settings, these peptides are primarily used as tools to explore biological signaling and tissue-response models , such as how cells respond to stress, how proteins interact during repair processes, and how signaling pathways change during regeneration-focused experiments
