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Conclusion CQDs represent a rapidly advancing class of nanomaterials in biomedical research, offering multifunctional capabilities across imaging, sensing, and therapeutic applications
These heritable molecular alterations regulate gene expression patterns and influence key pathophysiological processes, including ovarian dysfunction, hormonal dysregulation, and insulin signaling impairment, without modifying the underlying DNA sequence ( Regarding DNA methylation, studies have demonstrated hypermethylation of the insulin receptor (INSR) promoter region in both ovarian and adipose tissues of PCOS patients, resulting in downregulated insulin receptor expression and aggravated insulin resistance ( Concerning histone modifications, granulosa cells from PCOS patients exhibit enhanced histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, which decreases acetylation levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( e.g ., TNF-, IL-6) and suppresses their transcriptional activation
Liver detoxification: Most concentrated in the liver, where it binds to toxins (heavy metals, drug metabolites, environmental pollutants) and helps your body process and eliminate them
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 149 , 309319