After ingestion, stomach acid separates B12 from food proteins, and then intrinsic factor produced in the stomach lining binds to B12 so it can be absorbed in the ileum (the final section of the small intestine)
Peer review Peer review information Nature Metabolism thanks Timo Mller and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work
49 These cell contents, also known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), may bind to and activate Toll-like receptors in macrophages, promote the formation of inflammasome complexes, and induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
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Endocrinology 155 , 42504265 (2014)