As a result, most parasitic antigens only induce partial protective immunity, which undoubtedly aggravates the difficulty in finding a qualified vaccine candidate to induce long-term, specific, and effective immune responses ( A compromised innate immunity response hampers parasite elimination in hosts Adaptive immunity presents a significant memory trait, which induces stronger and faster immune responses upon second exposure to pathogens, thus providing long-term protection against infection
Overexpression of the binding protein was found to have an inhibitory effect on cell growth which was independent of IGF binding or signaling through the type 1 IGF receptor
IP3, 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Injectable forms avoid potential gastrointestinal interactions but require proper sterile technique
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