The neuronal dysfunction that characterizes diabetes,16 hyperglycemia, and dietary modifications that include the use of sweeteners, as well as a greater predisposition to certain psychologic disorders,16 are some of the factors that can independently contribute to or interact together for the development and progression of gastrointestinal symptoms in this group of patients with psychologic disorders.16,17 Diabetic gastrointestinal neuropathy Diabetic gastrointestinal neuropathy can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as gastroparesis, constipation, or fecal incontinence secondary to visceral neuropathy.16,18 Chronic hyperglycemia conditions an altered enteric microenvironment, with increased oxidative stress, the formation of advanced glycosylation end products, inflammation, and reduced neurotransmitters and local hormones, affecting the enteric vasculature and smooth muscle cellularity.19 Previously described changes affect the sensory, motor, and secretory functions of the digestive tract, contributing to the wide range of gastrointestinal alterations mentioned.18 Gastroparesis is one of the most widely studied gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetic gastrointestinal neuropathy
Continuous glucose monitoring, wearable devices, and AI-driven analytics are enabling real-time insights
MTHFR mutations can be tested for by blood or saliva for genetic information
Can I always inject in the same spot if it works well
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 291.Ye F., Zhan Q., Xiao W., Tang X., Li J., Dong H., Sha W., Zhang X
