Superoxide radical can be generated by specialized enzymes, such as the xanthine or NADPH oxidases, or as a by-product of cellular metabolism, particularly the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and are converted to hydrogen peroxide by the superoxide dismutase (SOD)
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Because injectable L-carnitine skips the gut, it largely avoids this pathway
According to Inchiostro et al., type 1 diabetes also causes an increase in endogenous amino acid turnover, especially for essential amino acids like leucine, both at baseline and during hyperinsulinemic and hyperaminoacidemic episodes (63)
References Kasprzak A, Szaflarski W