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Probiotic administration reduces intestinal leakage by, among others, affecting intestinal immunoregulation and anti-inflammatory effects (for example, an increase in sIgA production), anti-inflammatory effects, strengthening the epithelial barrier (for example, an increase in the synthesis of mucin and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the production of bacteriocins, which limit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (for example, defensin) [8, 133, 134]
This mechanistic profile is why it appears in research spanning both areas
Adv Integr Med
administration of a GLP-1 antagonist, before placement of the rat in an isolated open arm of the elevated plus-maze (EPM), blocks the effect of the EPM to increase plasma ACTH and CORT and decreases the anxiety-like behaviors in response to stress in this task [120]