& Hastings, M
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They have discovered that polyphenols may exhibit the ability to scavenge free radicals through (1) direct reaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS), (2) enhanced dismutation of free radicals to compounds with much lower reactivity, (3) inhibition of catalase enzyme activity, (4) increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, (5) chelation with pro-oxidative metals like iron and copper, and (6) increasing the effectiveness of other small antioxidants like tocopherols and ascorbic acid [208, 209]
In the United States alone, the economic burden of PD exceeded $52 billion in 2020, with caregivers losing an average of $19,000 in annual income due to reduced work hours or job loss ( Comparative studies show that while HICs absorb higher per-patient costs through insurance systems and assistive infrastructure, LMICs face a disproportionately higher household-level burden, where out-of-pocket expenses can consume over 50% of monthly income (Figures 4, 5)
Healthcare providers recommend monitoring these effects closely, as they may be temporary while the body adjusts to the medication [5]
