Certain reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, are also essential for growth factor-mediated signal transduction, mitochondrial function, and maintenance of normal thiol redox-balance
Compare that to sublingual delivery, which research suggests can achieve bioavailability potentially reaching 40% under optimal conditions
Neuro-Endocrinol Lett 34:18599, PMID: 23685416 Shungu DC, Weiduschat N, Murrough JW, Mao X, Pillemer S, Dyke JP, Medow MS, Natelson BH, Stewart JM, Mathew SJ (2012) Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome
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Additionally, hydration status and water intake were monitored to assess their influence on performance