Sies in 1985 (Sies 1985, 2018, 2020a)
For example, intradiscal injection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) induced degenerative changes [92] and weekly intradiscal treatment with growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) resulted in inflammatory reactions in the adjacent vertebrae and connective tissue infiltrates in the NP, causing the IVD to collapse [93]
This degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is strongly linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and aging (Dias et al., 2013)
2 The intent was to ensure that continued access to compounded medications for patients with specific medical needs did not inadvertently create a loophole for unapproved drug manufacturing
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