however, it is essential to be aware of the ptosis of the fat compartments that occurs with aging and the need to reduce the accumulation of fat in order to maintain the facial harmony and a beautiful face contour
[3] [5] All are available as oral tablets and are generally taken once or twice daily, depending on the specific agent
Dysregulation of these pathways contributes profoundly to autoimmune pathogenesis by impairing the clearance of damaged organelles and intracellular debris, promoting chronic inflammation, and sustaining autoreactive immune responses
DOI: Published online: February 13, 2026 1 Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA 2 Georgetown University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA 3 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 5 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, INOVA Medical System, Leesburg, VA, USA Correspondence: Ahmad Abdulraheem Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving St NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA E-mail: [email protected] 2026 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
9 23 26 A recent Cochrane Review found that available studies only provide very low quality evidence that oral B 12 is as efficacious as intramuscular B 12 in improving symptoms
