In 2024, 94 per cent of obese patients in the 7MM (US, 5EU, and Japan) are using methods such as lifestyle intervention, diet, and exercise to manage weight, as shown in Figure 1
This effect is abolished upon suppression of the gut microbiota using broad-spectrum antibiotics [1, 2, 4, 5]
PDA, sharing the BPC-157 sequence, is not a separately classified entity with a different regulatory status
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1714998 Received 28 September 2025 Revised 11 November 2025 Accepted 17 November 2025 Published 01 December 2025 Volume 15 - 2025 Edited by Manmohan Kumar, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States Reviewed by Yangyang He, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States Raj Priya, University Bloomington, United States Updates Copyright 2025 Yang, Zeng, Liu and Huang
doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601800 119 KucharzewskiMBraziewiczJMajewskaUGdS