Sirtuins, particularly SIRT1 and SIRT3, protect cells from oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and CAT (127, 131, 132)
10.1002/cph4.70003 208 SinghH.SinghR.SinghA.SinghH.SinghG.KaurS.et al (2024)
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107670 Received 25 November 2022 Accepted 30 January 2023 Published 09 February 2023 Volume 14 - 2023 Edited by Jens Staal, Ghent University, Belgium Reviewed by Ping Jiang, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
Each compound clears a different bottleneck at the same dermal target: Collagen quality and firmness GHK-Cu activates collagen-gene transcription and supplies the copper cofactor for cross-linking Microvascular delivery BPC-157 builds the capillary network that feeds active tissue Organized tissue, scar remodeling full-length TB-4 mobilizes repair cells with anti-scarring bias General timeline of benefits: hydration and texture by 24 weeks, fine lines softening by 48, firmer structure and scar remodeling by 812
