Methamphetamine disrupts blood-brain barrier function by induction of oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells
The body naturally produces peptides, but synthetic peptides can be used to supplement or enhance certain biological functions
Importantly, several phytochemicals demonstrate metabolic benefits by enhancing GLP-1/GIP signaling through DPP-IV inhibition, providing a biologically plausible route for synergistic neuroprotection in PD ( Therefore, future clinical strategies should investigate whether phytomolecules, either independently or in combination with GLP-1/incretin mimetics, can provide enhanced neuroprotection and improve both motor and non-motor outcomes in PD
Indeed, increased E2 levels among overweight and obese postmenopausal women were due to the increased fat mass and E2 production in adipose tissue (Reference Gruber, Tschugguel and Schneeberger35)
These responsive genes were closely associated with annotations related to cell cycle regulation, androgen-responsive genes, and phase II detoxification pathway