Saline Solutions 0.9% sodium chloride mimics physiological conditions and is used in some clinical settings, but for peptides it introduces variables: salt can shift ionic balance, promote aggregation in hydrophobic sequences, or affect stability during storage
This group also reported that low maternal vitamin B-12 plasma concentrations in pregnancy were correlated with insulin resistance, as measured by the HOMA-IR in children aged 6 y (39)
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It is critical to recall that all of this data comes from preclinical models (rodent, porcine, in vitro) and limited case studies