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Cloudiness suggests aggregation or contamination

Moving forward, well-designed clinical trials, standardized protocols for strain selection and dosage, and regulatory harmonization will be essential for translating laboratory findings into effective interventions

Magnesium deficiency is an independent risk factor for migraine (189)

Specifically, microglia-derived IL-1, TNF, and complement component 1q activate astrocytes via the NF-B signaling pathway, resulting in reactive astrogliosis characterized by impaired neuronal support, reduced synaptic functions, and increased neuronal vulnerability [93]

Eligible participants are adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more who do not have diabetes