This aspect could reflect an altered action of ghrelin on its specific receptors implicated in feedback mechanisms.83 Regarding the role of CCK in inhibiting food intake, CCK-A receptor knockout rats are hyperphagic and obese.84 In animals, as expected, repeated preprandial administration of CCK reduces food intake but it also increases meal frequency, with no resulting effect on body weight.85 Circulating levels of PYY are not elevated in obese individuals
Immunizations Updates have been made to the "Immunizations" subsection to include changes related to COVID-19, pneumococcal pneumonia, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus
The potential mechanisms through which GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists recalibrate and normalize the fat mass and body weight setpoint in patients with obesity may stem from their primary effects on incretin homeostasis
As the insulinotropic capacity of GLP-1 is partially retained in diabetic humans, GLP-1-based treatments have been successfully developed
10.1007/s00125-023-06060-w 43 GaoY.YangG.ZhouY