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Under oxidative stress and induced by excessive ROS generation, Nrf2 is released from its inhibitor Keap1, allowing its translocation into the nucleus (Kasprzak et al., 2020), where it binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) present in the DNA sequence of numerous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase, -glutamyl cysteine synthetase (glutamate cysteine ligase), heme oxygenase 1, and paraoxonase-1 inducing their transcription, managing the phase II response to oxidative stress (Kasprzak et al., 2020)

K and B12), bile acid biotransformation and hydrolysis as well as fermentation of non-digestible polysaccharides (Putignani et al., 2014)

Retinol is converted to biologically active retinoic acid via retinaldehyde by dehydrogenases in a two-step oxidation process

Sulforaphane may support detoxification, immune function

Given the limited high-quality evidence, regulatory authorities have not approved etanercept for the treatment of post-stroke disability