In addition, neuroimaging studies of patients with ADHD reported an elevated level of striatal dopamine transporter activity, which is reverted by the administration of methylphenidate [59, 60]
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131 In addition, gene polymorphisms can alter astrocyte responses to pathologies and contribute to disorder progression, as for example with APOE polymorphisms in AD or traumatic injuries, 132,133,134,135 or with CD38 polymorphisms in PD
89 Importantly, restoration of hypothalamic autophagy via nutritional interventions such as docosahexaenoic acid-acylated astaxanthin monoester (AST-DHA) supplementation or genetic activation of Atg5 ameliorates obesity and improves glucose metabolism in experimental models, 90 demonstrating that hypothalamic autophagy is not merely correlative but mechanistically regulatory