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Digestive diseases and sciences, 53(12), 31283132
Choline metabolism plays a central role in macrophage activation towards both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions (67, 69)
Studies have shown that TLR4 expression is up-regulated in human DKD renal tissue, and gut microbiota-derived circulating LPS binds to TLR4, activates the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B) signaling pathway, and up-regulates the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomeric domain-like receptor protein (NLRP) 3 in renal epithelial cells mediated by TNF- and IL-12
Additionally, the long-term safety of ferroptosis inhibitors in IgA nephropathy is unevaluatedprolonged inhibition may promote tumorigenesis or exacerbate fibrosis, risks that require rigorous assessment in long-term preclinical models