Human clinical trials to date have been small, and GHK-Cu is not FDA-approved as a stand-alone pharmaceutical for any indication
After TLR engagement, activated FLS produce chemokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-8)/cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-), thereby recruiting and stimulating additional immune cells ( The role of synovial fibroblasts in the pathophysiology of OA crosstalk between synoviocytes and the innate immune system has been increasingly investigated in the past years
Healthcare professionals should base recommendations on individual patient circumstances, including the cause of deficiency, concurrent medical conditions, and patient preference
If this approach holds up in bigger studies, it could be a meaningful option for people whose chronic pain has not responded to standard treatments
It is not FDA-approved for human therapeutic use