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Despite these favorable mechanisms, concerns remain regarding the impact of GLP-1 RAs on lean body mass (LBM) and the potential risk of sarcopenia

butyrate is predominantly utilized by colonocytes, with only small amounts entering systemic circulation ( de novo lipogenesis (DNL) ( When intestinal barrier function is compromised, bacterial components such as LPS can enter the liver via the portal vein, triggering Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory responses ( 3.2.2 Hepatic processing and distribution of gut-derived metabolites The liver, as the body's largest metabolic organ, possesses robust capabilities for substrate extraction and biotransformation

Furthermore, hypotaurine and taurine can inhibit spontaneous LPO in epididymal sperm [91]

Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(12):890899

10.1111/jcmm.17171 115 XuD.LiuZ.LiangM.-X.FeiY